Dilute chemical reaction process

ABSTRACT

Disclosed is a process for carrying out a cyclisation reaction, a polymerization reaction, an enzymatic reaction showing substrate inhibition, an enzymatic reaction showing product inhibition, a reaction showing precipitation of the substrate or of a reactant, the process comprising the steps of
     a) diluting a fresh substrate with solvent to form a diluted substrate-solvent mixture, and supplying this mixture to a reactor,   b) causing the reaction medium in the reactor to react,   c) discharging reaction mixture comprising reaction product, solvent, and substrate that has not reacted, to a first filtration membrane which is permeable to the solvent and impermeable to the substrate and to the catalyst or at least one of the reactants,   d) returning solvent from the permeate side of the first membrane to dilute the fresh substrate, and   e) returning retentate comprising substrate which has not reacted, from the first filtration membrane to the reactor.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to an improved process for carrying out achemical reaction which requires for at least one reason the reaction ofa substrate in diluted form, the reaction being a cyclisation reaction,a polymerization reaction, an enzymatic reaction showing substrateinhibition, or a reaction showing precipitation of the substrate or ofthe reactant.

The process according to the present invention also relates to using adiluting substrate feed system and to a method for supplying substrateto a reaction medium.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Reacting systems and substrate diluting system of the type describedabove are in particular intended for use with chemical reactions thatare to be carried out with high dilution of the substrate, withconcomitant avoidance of low product yield and use of large amounts ofsolvent.

Industry is often faced with the problem that certain reactions must becarried out at low concentration and/or high dilution of one or more ofthe substrates. In one example of a category of reactions high substratedilution should minimize the risk for the formation of unwantedimpurities. This is for instance the case in cyclisation reactions, inparticular intramolecular macrocyclisation reactions, used in theproduction of active pharmaceutical ingredients. Indeed, too highsubstrate concentrations in this type of reactions favour intermolecularreactions and lead to polymerisation of the substrate in the reactionmedium or to the occurrence of other unwanted side-reactions, therebyseriously decreasing the yield to the desired product and the productpurity. To keep the selectivity up towards the desired end product andalso the purity of the end product high, the reaction is usually carriedout with high dilution of the substrate. High substrate dilution howeverinvolves the use of large amounts of solvent. Where batch reactions areemployed, frequently used solvent dilution rates for this type ofreactions mount to 100-1000 l/mole of substrate to permit keepingsubstrate concentration sufficiently low. In other words, for theproduction of small quantities of an end product, often the use of largevolumes of solvent and the use of large reactor volumes is required.This entails serious constraints to the industry. Similar unwantedintermolecular side-reactions have been observed in certain types ofpolymerization reactions e.g. in the synthesis of cyclic polymers. Thesereactions clearly also benefit from high dilution. Enzymatic reactionswith substrate inhibition exemplify another type of reactions that arepreferably carried out at high dilution of the substrate, as a too highsubstrate concentration often leads to declining catalytic activity ofthe enzyme. In other types of reactions, low concentration of thesubstrate or other reactants is necessary to avoid unwantedprecipitation, which typically occurs at higher concentrations.

Clearly, the processes performing such reactions as known in the artrequire a high dilution of the substrate and/or of one or more of thereactants in a reaction medium, and hence inherently necessitate the useof large volumes of solvent and therewith the use of large volumereactors, to produce small quantities of an end product only, with smallreaction product yields per unit volume of reactor.

US 2004/0220416 A1 discloses a so-called “fed-batch” process for thesinglet oxygen oxidation of organic substrates during which water isselectively removed from the reaction mixture by means of a membrane.The organic substrate, which must be either soluble in water or in anorganic solvent miscible with water, is initially introduced into areactor together with the solvent and the catalyst. Into the reactor isthen introduced 2-90% strength H₂O₂, slowly or in portions. Water isintroduced together with the H₂O₂, and is also formed during thecatalysed disproportionation of H₂O₂. Via a pump, the reaction mixtureis passed into a membrane unit, where the catalyst, the unreactedsubstrate and the product already formed are retained in the retentateand immediately reintroduced into the reactor. Water is separated off aspermeate through the membrane. Optionally present water-miscible organicsolvent may simultaneously also be separated from the reaction mixture,whereupon distillative separation of the water from the organic solventtakes place, the water is discarded and the organic solvent isreintroduced into the reactor. The process of US 2004/0220416 A1 is aso-called “fed-batch” process, from which water, formed in the reactionand also coming in together with the H₂O₂ reactant, needs to be removedin order to avoid that the reaction mixture becomes increasingly dilutedby the water. As a result, losses in yield and in the efficiency of thesinglet oxygen ¹O₂ are prevented, as well as negative influences on thesolubility, such as demixing. The purpose of the process of US2004/0220416 A1 is to avoid dilution of the substrate, which is theopposite of the problem which is addressed by the present invention.

As a solution to the problem outlined above, related to improving theefficiency in performing chemical reactions under high dilution, it hasbeen proposed to apply pseudo high dilution reaction conditions (K.Ziegler in “Methoden der Organischen Chemie” (Houben-Weil) vol 4/2, E.Müller, Ed. Georg Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart, 1955). “Simulated highdilution conditions” involves that a highly diluted solution of thesubstrate concerned is added at a slow supply rate to the reactor, whichcontains a relatively high concentration of the other reactants. In somecases, this method permits reducing solvent dilution rates used totypically 10-100 l/mol of substrate. However, when compared to dilutionsused in conventional reactions which typically vary from 0.5-5 l/mol,this method still involves the use of relatively large solvent volumes,and the limited reactor capacity associated therewith still necessitatesusing large reactor volumes for low productivity and small productyields. Moreover, the simulated high dilution method, tends to beefficient only for those reactions in which the kinetic product isformed, and does not work for reactions that are reversible to anysignificant degree.

There is thus a need for a device and a method which are particularlysuitable for use with reactions which have to be carried out at lowconcentration of one or more of the substrates. In particular there is aneed for a device and a method which permits to perform reactions whichare to be carried out in high dilution in reactors with a reducedvolume, using reduced quantities of solvent, while providing asufficiently high reaction yield and good selectivity to the desiredreaction product. The present invention provides an answer to theseneeds.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

This problem is solved according to the present invention with a processas defined by the first claim.

In an embodiment, the invention provides a process for carrying out achemical reaction of a substrate (X) in a diluted reaction mixturecomprising a solvent (S), the reaction being selected from a cyclisationreaction, a polymerization reaction, an enzymatic reaction showingsubstrate inhibition, an enzymatic reaction showing product inhibition,a reaction showing precipitation of the substrate or of the reactant,and combinations thereof, the process comprising the steps of

-   a) diluting the substrate with solvent in a diluting substrate feed    system to form a diluted substrate-solvent mixture, and supplying    the diluted substrate-solvent mixture to the inlet of a reactor,-   b) causing the reaction medium in the reactor to react,-   c) discharging from an outlet of the reactor the reaction mixture    comprising reaction product, solvent, and substrate that has not    reacted,-   d) conducting the reaction mixture to a first membrane with a    retentate side and a permeate side, whereby the first membrane is    permeable to the solvent (S) and provided to be impermeable to the    substrate (X) and to at least one of the group consisting of the    catalyst, the reactants which are caused to react with the substrate    and combinations thereof,-   e) returning solvent (S) which permeated the first membrane from the    permeate side of the first membrane to the diluting substrate feed    system to dilute the substrate in the diluting substrate feed    system, and-   f) returning retentate (R) comprising substrate (X) that has not    reacted, from the retentate side of the first membrane to the    reactor.

Thereto, the device used in the process of this invention ischaracterized in that the reactor outlet is coupled to a first membraneor filtration membrane with a retentate side and a permeate side, inthat the said first membrane is permeable to the solvent and provided tobe impermeable to the substrate, in that the permeate side of the saidfirst membrane is connected to the diluting substrate feed system toreturn solvent which permeated the said first membrane to the dilutingsubstrate feed system to provide dilution of the substrate in thediluting substrate feed system, and in that the retentate side of thesaid first membrane is connected to the reactor to return retentatecomprising substrate that has not reacted, to the reactor.

The present invention therewith makes use of a device which comprises

-   -   a diluting substrate feed system by which a substrate-solvent        mixture with a low substrate concentration may be supplied to        the reactor, starting from a feed solution having a high        substrate concentration in solvent and,    -   a membrane or filtration membrane which is coupled to the        reactor outlet to permit continuous, in-situ solvent        recuperation and recycling of the solvent within the device.

The diluting substrate feed system enables the controlled supply of asubstrate-solvent mixture having a low substrate concentration, fairlyindependently of what the substrate concentration is in the feedsolution, which may be significantly higher. Because the high substratedilution is only applied to the substrate volume which is actuallysupplied to the reactor, reactions which require high dilution of one ormore to the substrates or reactants may be carried out usingsubstantially reduced quantities of solvent, while relatively highreaction yields may be achieved, even in reactors having a relativelysmall volume. Thus, the present invention permits reducing the volume ofsolvent used in the process to 0.5-25 l/mol of substrate, while productyields achieved are typically as high as those achieved with reactionscarried out at high dilution in large reaction volumes of 100-1000l/mole of substrate. Typically the product yield is determined by thesubstrate concentration at the reactor inlet, and is at least equal tothe yield obtained in a standard batch reaction performed at the samelow concentration.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows a schematic view of a first preferred embodiment of theinvention, wherein the device comprises a diluting substrate feed systembased on a mixing tank with a high solvent-substrate ratio.

FIG. 2 shows a schematic view of a second preferred embodiment of theinvention, wherein the device comprises a diluting substrate feed systemcomprising a second membrane with a high substrate rejection.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The present invention will be described in the following with respect toparticular embodiments and with reference to certain drawings but theinvention is not limited thereto but only by the claims. Any drawingsdescribed are only schematic and are non-limiting. In the drawings, thesize of some of the elements may be exaggerated and not drawn on scalefor illustrative purposes. The dimensions and the relative dimensions donot necessarily correspond to actual reductions to practice of theinvention.

Furthermore, the terms first, second, third and the like in thedescription and in the claims, are used for distinguishing betweensimilar elements and not necessarily for describing a sequential orchronological order. The terms are interchangeable under appropriatecircumstances and the embodiments of the invention can operate in othersequences than described or illustrated herein.

Moreover, the terms top, bottom, over, under and the like in thedescription and the claims are used for descriptive purposes and notnecessarily for describing relative positions. The terms so used areinterchangeable under appropriate circumstances and the embodiments ofthe invention described herein can operate in other orientations thandescribed or illustrated herein.

The term “comprising”, used in the claims, should not be interpreted asbeing restricted to the means listed thereafter; it does not excludeother elements or steps. It needs to be interpreted as specifying thepresence of the stated features, integers, steps or components asreferred to, but does not preclude the presence or addition of one ormore other features, integers, steps or components, or groups thereof.Thus, the scope of the expression “a device comprising means A and B”should not be limited to devices consisting only of components A and B.It means that with respect to the present invention, the only relevantcomponents of the device are A and B. Accordingly, the terms“comprising” and “including” encompass the more restrictive terms“consisting essentially of” and “consisting of”.

In the context of the present invention, the terms “membrane” and“filtration membrane” are used interchangeably.

In the context of the present invention, the substrate is preferably acompound which is able to react in an intra- and/or an intermolecularpathway. An intramolecular chemical reaction is a reaction of aparticular molecule with itself, such as in a cyclisation reaction. Anintermolecular reaction is a reaction of a molecule with anothermolecule. An intermolecular reaction may be a homo-intermolecularreaction, whereby the two molecules are of the same chemical compound.An intermolecular reaction may also be a hetero-intermolecular reaction,whereby the two molecules are of a different kind or chemical compound.The present invention is primarily concerned with such reactions and mayhave as a target to reduce the occurrence or even avoid one of thosereactions in favour of a competing and desired reaction, and which maybe favoured by carrying out the reaction in conditions of high dilutionof the substrate.

In an embodiment, the substrate is an organic compound, meaning that themolecule contains a number of atoms which are covalently bound to eachother. In an embodiment, the molecule of the organic substrate containsa number of carbon and hydrogen atoms, yet other atoms, convenientlycalled “hetero atoms”, such as oxygen, nitrogen, sulphur, may also bepresent. The organic compound may also have an ionic part, and may forinstance be present as a salt.

The process according to the present invention is preferably operatedwith ongoing feed of fresh substrate to the reactor, preferably suchthat the amount of substrate present in the reactor is replenished as itis consumed. The process may thus comprise a “fed-batch” operation inwhich the substrate is fed slowly or intermittently over time in one ormore portions to a reactor containing the other ingredients required forcarrying out the reaction. The fresh substrate may also be fedcontinuously to the reactor. The present invention is also concernedwith diluting the substrate, with solvent, before the substrate maybecome exposed to conditions under which it may react.

In the process according to the present intention, optionally reactionproduct may be removed from the reactor, preferably selectively. Theremoval of reaction product may be performed continuously, or withintervals and in portions.

In the context of the present invention, cyclisation reactions arechemical reactions whereby at least one ring is formed. A ring may beformed by one part of a molecule chemically condensing with another partof the same molecule, in which case the reaction is an intramolecularcyclisation reaction. A ring may also be formed by a first part of afirst molecule chemically connecting to or condensing with a first partof a second molecule, followed by a second part of the second moleculeconnecting to or condensing with a second part of the first molecule, inwhich case the reaction is an intermolecular cyclisation reaction. Insuch intermolecular cyclisation reaction, there may also be three ormore molecules which form one single ring.

The first filtration membrane present in the device of the process ofthe present invention, is used to separate or isolate the solvent fromthe reaction product and where desired from other components containedin the reaction mixture. The thus isolated solvent may continuously berecycled within the system, between the diluting substrate feed systemand the reactor, thereby minimizing solvent consumption and waste. Thesolvent contained in the permeate returned from the reactor to thediluting substrate feed system, replenishes solvent which is suppliedfrom the diluting substrate feed system to the reactor, and assists inachieving the envisaged substrate dilution in the substrate supply tothe reactor. On completion of the reaction, the solution containingproducts may be removed and subjected to classical isolation proceduresor, depending on the constraints of the following synthetic steps, useddirectly in the following reaction. The use of membrane assisted solventrecovery thereby permits recycling of the solvent within the device andprocess, and minimizing the amount of solvent used, while permittingsubstrate supply at the desired substrate concentration. Furthermore, itprovides the possibility of performing chemical reactions underliquid-liquid processing conditions, which in turn implies containedproduction, resulting in lower operator exposure to chemical entitiesand compounds which may be biologically active, and a reduction inprocess operations. By recycling of the solvent with a membrane withinthe process, the present invention permits overcoming the problemsassociated with the conventional solvent recovery techniques andrealizing significant process economies as explained below.

By using a filtration membrane for the solvent recovery within thesystem, energy consumption otherwise needed to recover the solvent maybe kept low. Indeed, the known and conventional techniques used torecover solvents and/or to separate a solvent from the reaction productsor substrate or reactants, are often energy consuming, as is the casefor e.g. distillation, evaporation and crystallization. Moreover,solvent recovery efficiency is typically rather low with theconventional techniques (only 50-80%), addition of extra chemicals asentrainers is sometimes required, and in many cases these operations areunsuitable for use with the reaction involved or the reaction conditionsused. As a consequence, these traditional solvent recovery operationsare not suitable for direct coupling to a reactor, and may not providecontinuous in-process solvent recovery, as is the case with the presentinvention. Furthermore by using a membrane, solvent recovery from thereaction mixture may be carried out at mild temperatures. This may be ofspecial importance in case of heat sensitive compounds, for examplepharmaceutical active ingredients and functional food ingredients, inorder to minimize the risk that they would loose their activity, theirtexture and/or their colour or would undergo thermal degradation.

As such, the present invention assists the chemical industry in itsefforts towards more sustainability. To exemplify the above, referenceis made to the pharmaceutical industry which is committed to bringingkey medicines to the patient with minimal environmental impact. Inrecent years, significant efforts have been invested to improveefficiency, to reduce waste, and to enhance quality and control inpharmaceutical research and development, and manufacturing. This effortis driven by the desire not only to reduce costs but also to increasethe sustainability of the manufacturing process. Optimization ofresource use is one of the aims of sustainability and green chemistry.This challenge has resulted in the adoption of Process Mass Intensity(PMI) as the preferred metric aimed at driving greater efficiencies inpharmaceutical syntheses. An explanation as to why this metric has beenchosen is given by Jimenez-Gonzalez et. al in Org. Process Res. Dev., 15(2011) 912-917. PMI is defined as the total mass of materials used toproduce a specified mass of product. Materials include reactants,reagents, solvents used for reaction and purification, and catalysts.Ideally this total equals unity when no waste is produced and allmaterials are incorporated into the product. In reality, PMI values inpharmaceutical industry are typically 25 to 100. The present invention,in providing a solution for high dilution reactions which permits theuse of significantly lower amounts of solvent in combination with anacceptable product yield, allows the reduction of the PMI values of thistype of reactions, to the typical envisaged values.

A recent article published by Sereewatthanawut et. al. in Org. ProcessRes. Dev 14 (2010) 600-611 discloses the use of membrane technology forsolvent purification, in which the organic solvent was purified andrecycled using a solvent resistant nanofiltration membrane. The solventpurification is conceived as a post reaction process which takes placeentirely independently of the reaction. The article does not disclose touse a membrane for in-situ solvent recuperation, nor does it disclose touse this feature to achieve a controlled feed of substrate to thereactor.

In the state of the art, filtration membranes have predominantly beenused in post reaction purification processes. Well known examples areMembrane Bioreactors (MBR) where ultrafiltration membranes are coupledto a sludge bioreactor in order to filter out and produce purifiedwater. Other examples using solvent resistant nanofiltration membranesmay be found within the literature, a comprehensive overview of which ispresented in the review article by Vankelecom et. al. in Chem. Soc.Rev., 37 (2008) 365-405.

Examples where solvent-stable membranes are connected to and play a rolewithin a reactor system are far fewer and amongst these, those used inbiotransformations using biocatalysts in so called “membranebioreactors” or MBRzs, typified in the article by Valadez-Blanco et. al.in J. Membr. Sci. 317 (2008) 50-64 are predominant. Membrane bioreactorsor MBRs for bio-transformations are used as an alternative for directcontact biphasic bioreactors. In these membrane bioreactors, a solventresistant membrane separates the aqueous (biocatalyst) and organic(substrate and product) phases in the reactor. However, whereas thesemembrane bioreactors are advantageous over direct contact bioreactorsfor a number of reasons, they do suffer from the fact that they have 2to 3 times lower volumetric productivity than the latter bioreactor.Other examples where a membrane is used as a barrier between twosolvents include anti-solvent membrane crystallization, exemplified inthe article by Di Profio et. al. published in J. Pharma Sci., 98 (2009)4902-4913. Again crystallization occurs separately from the reaction andis used to control the crystal form the product is isolated in.

In Biochem. Eng. J. 12 (2002) 223-229 Gan discloses a method forenzymatic hydrolysis of crystalline and semi-crystalline cellulose byfungal cellulase in a reactor which integrates a reaction and separationzone inside one device separated by an ultrafiltration membrane. Theultrafiltration membrane allows the in-situ product separation from thereaction mixture. The reactor is complemented by continuous on-linefeeding and in-situ electro-kinetic membrane cleaning to maintainseparation and reactor efficiency. No solvent recuperation useful forthe on-line feeding was described.

More recently some examples have been published whereby nanofiltrationmembranes play a role in a reactor set-up that is not abiotransformation. These include the articles by Janssen et al.published in Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 49 (2010) 7738-7741 and So et al. inOrg. Process Res. Dev. 14 (2010) 1313-1325, though it has to be notedthat the latter is used to remove excess reagents and perform solventexchange after the reaction is complete and thus is not really integralto the reactor or reaction process. The former study involves an in-situseparation of catalyst from reaction products in order to increase thecatalysts turnover number.

Others have also used membranes to separate catalysts from reactionmixtures in order to recycle catalysts and thus effectively increasetheir turnover number, though not necessarily in-situ. Examples includearticles by Laue et al. in Adv. Synth. Catal. 343 (2001) 711-720, andNair et al. in Org. Process Res. Dev. 13 (2009) 863-869, both focusingon hydrogenation catalysts. Plenio et al. have demonstrated therecycling of palladium catalysts via membranes in Adv. Synth. Catal. 345(2003) 333-336 and Organometallics 28 (2009) 3922-3927. Also Ronde etal. in ChemSusChem 2 (2009) 558-574 and Tsoukala et al. in ChemSusChem 5(2012) 188-193 published the membrane based separation of palladiumcatalysts and products. Recycling of metathesis catalysts, in particularderivatives of the Grubbs and Hoveyda-Grubbs catalysts, have beendemonstrated in a number of articles including those published byKeraani et al. in ChemSusChem 1 (2008) 927-933 and Catal. Today 156(2010) 268-275, Schoeps et al. in Chem. Eur. J. 15 (2009) 2960-2965, andvan der Gryp et al. in J. Membr. Sci. 353 (2010) 70-77. Other metalcatalysts which have been recycled include an osmium dihydroxylationcatalyst published by Branco et. al. in Adv. Synth. Catal. 350 (2008)2086-2098 and a copper catalyst published by Cano-Odena et. al. in Chem.Eur. J. 16 (2010) 1061-1067.

In all of the literature examples discussed above, the role of themembrane is limited to its use solely as a separation member, i.e. forits separation function. None of the literature examples cited disclosesthat a membrane would be suitable for use in controlling a reaction, inparticular the substrate supply thereto, and the reaction outcome, inparticular yield and selectivity.

Within the framework of the present invention the first filtrationmembrane is selected such that it is impermeable to the substrate. With“impermeable” is meant that the first membrane preferably has a typicalrejection of 80 to 100%, preferably more than 95% for the substrate. Thefirst filtration membrane is further selected such that it is highlypermeable to the solvent in order to guarantee adequate substratedilution by the solvent in the diluting substrate feed system.

Preferably, the first filtration membrane is also impermeable to one ormore of the reaction product, catalyst and one or more reactants whichare caused to react with the substrate. Preferably the retentate side ofthe first filtration membrane is connected to the reactor to return oneor more of these reaction species to the reactor. To permit optimal useof all components contained in the reaction mixture and minimize losses,the first membrane preferably has a typical rejection of 80 to 100%,preferably at least 95% for the reaction components, in particular forany reactants provided to react with the substrate, the reaction productor products and catalyst contained in the reaction mixture. Therejection of the first membrane for all these components may be the sameor different. If so desired however, permeation of one or more of thesecomponents may be permitted and in that case a lower rejection of thecomponent involved may be permitted.

Within the scope of this invention, the first filtration membrane may bemade from a wide variety of materials and a wide variety of filtrationmembranes with varying cut-off values may be used. With cut-off orcut-off value is thereby meant the molecular mass of a molecule of which90% is rejected by the membrane. The first membrane will be selected bythe skilled person taking into account the nature of the solvent,substrate, or other reaction components the membrane is intended toreject. Depending on the nature of the reaction, substrate, reactantsand solvent involved, the first membrane may be an ultrafiltrationmembrane with a typical cut-off ranging from 2 to 500 kDa, or amicrofiltration membrane with a typical cut-off for molecular weightsabove 500 kDa as probably more suitable in the case of enzymaticreactions or polymerization reactions. For reactions involving smallermolecules, for example macrocyclization reactions, the membrane willmore probably be a nanofiltration membrane with typical cut-off valuesranging from 200 Da to 2 kDa or even a reverse osmosis membrane with atypical cut-off of below 200 Da.

In one embodiment of the invention, the diluting substrate feed systemmay comprise a conventional mixing system for mixing substrate andsolvent. According to that embodiment the diluting substrate feed systemcomprises a substrate feed tank containing a concentrated substratesolution, which substrate feed tank is connected to a mixing tank tosupply substrate to the mixing tank with the purpose of mixing thesubstrate in the mixing tank with an appropriate amount of solvent toobtain the appropriate dilution of the substrate to be supplied to thereactor for reaction therein.

According to another embodiment, the diluting substrate feed system forsupplying substrate to the reactor may comprise a second filtrationmembrane which is permeable to the solvent, wherein the substraterejection of the second filtration membrane should be such that thepermeate of the second membrane has the desired substrate concentration,wherein the permeate side of the second filtration membrane is connectedto the reactor for supplying the permeate with the desired concentrationto the reactor. The second filtration membranes thus functions tocontrol the permeation of substrate supplied to the reactor. Byadjusting the substrate rejection by the second membrane, theconcentration of substrate to the reactor may be controlled.

The second membrane dedicated to the low concentration addition of thesubstrate to the reactor, will usually be selected such that it ispractically impermeable to the substrate, or in other words shows highto very high substrate rejections. Typical substrate rejection of thesecond membrane will usually vary from 50 to 99.5%, preferably from 60to 95%. The second membrane will usually also have a high rejection forany other components contained in the mixture to be supplied to thereactor, such as any other reactants or catalyst and so on, but this isnot mandatory. Depending on the reaction and the substrate or reactantsinvolved, the appropriate second membrane may be a microfiltration,ultrafiltration, nanofiltration or reverse osmosis membrane.

In many cases, especially related to pharmaceutical manufacturing, thefirst and second filtration membrane are preferably nanofiltrationmembranes, more preferably solvent resistant nanofiltration membranes.Nanofiltration provides the possibility to isolate and/or separatemolecules with similar physical properties on molecular scale, by simplyapplying a pressure gradient over a selective membrane. Separation isbased on different molecular dimensions of the species to be separatedand/or on different affinities with the membrane. Nanofiltration mayoften be directly carried out on the reaction medium, at anytemperature, without addition of reactants, thereby minimising the riskto decomposition or auto-reaction of the molecule, and the risk toactivity, colour or texture changes.

Within the framework of this invention, the first and the secondmembrane may be the same or different. Usually however they will bedifferent, since the function of the first membrane is to reject one ormore of the substrate, reactant, reaction product, catalyst and anyother compounds contained in the reaction mixture except for thesolvent, whereas the function of the second membrane is to permitpermeation of a small, controlled amount of substrate, although thesecond membrane may function to reject one or more reactants to adesired extent as well.

Microfiltration, ultrafiltration, nanofiltration and reverse osmosismembranes and their use for filtration technology in aqueous medium arewell-known in the art. A wide variety of membranes suitable forfiltrations in aqueous medium is commercially available. When thefiltration medium contains an organic solvent, as will often be the casein many reactions where the present invention may be used, it isadvisable to select the membrane in such a way that it is chemically andthermally compatible with the reaction medium. Since the end of the 90'sspecific solvent resistant membranes appropriate for filtrations indifferent organic solvent media have become commercially available,especially in the nanofiltration range.

The first and second filtration membrane are preferably chosen such thatthe membrane rejection, cut-off and permeate flux meet the requirementsimposed by the process and by the substrate, solvent and reactionproduct involved in the process. The first and second filtrationmembrane are preferably chosen such that they show a minimal risk toreacting with the components contained in the mixtures to which they areexposed, and to degradation of the components in the mixtures to whichthey are exposed, as well as a minimal risk to swelling as this mayalter the flux through the membranes and their rejection properties.Thereby the membranes are preferably chosen such that they show astability of several months to several years in contact with theselected reaction solvent.

Suitable materials for use as first and second filtration membrane inthe device of this invention include polymeric or ceramic materials.Preferred materials include those polymeric materials suitable forfabricating microfiltration, ultrafiltration, nanofiltration or reverseosmosis membranes, including but not limited to polyethylene (PE),polypropylene (PP), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyvinylidenedifluoride (PVDF), polysulfone (PSf), polyethersulfone (PES),polyacrylonitrile (PAN), polyamide (PA), polyimide (PI), polyetherimide(PEI), polyamideimide (PAI), cellulose acetate (CA), polyaniline (PAn),polybenzimidazole (PBI), polyetheretherketone (PEEK), and combinationsand mixtures thereof.

Specific examples of membrane materials suitable for use in the presentinvention include a composite material comprising a support and a thinselectively permeable top layer, wherein the latter may be formed fromor comprises one or more polymers selected from but not limited to(modified) polysiloxane based elastomers, including polydimethylsiloxane(PDMS) based elastomers, ethylene-propylene-diene (EPDM) basedelastomers, polynorbornene based elastomers, polyoctenamer basedelastomers, polyurethane (PU) based elastomers, butadiene and nitrilebutadiene rubber based elastomers, natural rubber and butyl rubber basedelastomers, polychloroprene (Neoprene) based elastomers, epichlorohydrinelastomers, polyacrylate elastomers, polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF)based elastomers, polyethylene, polypropylene, polytetrafluoroethylene(PTFE), polyamide, polyetherblock amides (PEBAX),poly(l-trimethylsilyl-1-propyne) (PTMSP) and other polyacetylenes,polyamide, polyaniline, polypyrrole, and combinations and mixturesthereof.

The polymeric membranes may be made by any technique known from the art,including phase-inversion, sintering, stretching, track etching,template leaching, interfacial polymerisation, solvent casting,dip-coating, spin-coating and spray-coating. Membranes may becross-linked or otherwise treated so as to improve their stability inthe reaction solvents.

Other specific examples of suitable membrane materials include thoseproduced from inorganic materials, for example silicon carbide, siliconoxide, zirconium oxide, titanium oxide, zeolites, and combinations ormixtures thereof, prepared using any technique known to those skilled inthe art, such as e.g. sintering, leaching, hydrothermal or sol-gelprocessing. The inorganic membranes provided by Inopor GmbH (Germany),covering the entire spectrum from microfiltration to nanofiltration,provide an example.

The membranes used in the present invention may also comprise a polymermembrane with dispersed organic or inorganic particles in the form ofpowdered solids (mixed matrix membranes). The powdered solids willusually be present at amounts up to 20 wt. % of the polymer membrane andinclude carbon molecular sieve particles, zeolites, metal oxides, suchas titanium dioxide, zirconium oxide, zinc oxide and silicon dioxide.Examples are the materials available from Evonik Degussa AG (Germany)under their Aerosol and AdNano trademarks. Mixed metal oxides such asmixtures of cerium, zirconium, and magnesium oxides may also be used.Preferably the matrix particles have a number average diameter of lessthan 1.0 micron, more preferably less than 0.1 micron, and mostpreferably less than 0.01 micron.

These mixed-matrix membranes may be made by any technique known from theart, including sintering, stretching, track etching, template leaching,interfacial polymerisation or phase inversion. The polymers in themembranes may be cross-linked, or the membranes may otherwise be treatedso as to improve their stability in the reaction solvents.

Examples of solvents suitable for use with the present invention includewater, aromatics, alkanes, ketones, glycols, chlorinated solvents,esters, ethers, amines, nitriles, aldehydes, phenols, amides, carboxylicacids, alcohols, furans and dipolar aprotic solvents, and mixtures oftwo or more of the aforementioned solvents as well as mixtures of one ormore of the aforementioned solvents with water. Specific examples ofsuitable solvents include toluene, xylene, benzene, styrene, anisole,chlorobenzene, dichlorobenzene, chloroform, dichloromethane,dichloroethane, methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, butyl acetate, methylether ketone (MEK), methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK), acetone, ethyleneglycols, ethanol, methanol, propanol, butanol, hexane, cyclohexane,dimethoxyethane, methyl-tertiary-butyl ether (MTBE), diethyl ether,adiponitrile, N,N-dimethyl formamide, dimethyl sulphoxide, N,N-dimethylacetamide, dioxane, nitromethane, nitrobenzene, pyridine, carbondisulfide, tetrahydrofuran (THF), methyl-tetrahydrofuran, N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP), N-ethyl pyrrolidone (NEP), acetonitrile, and mixturesof two or more of the aforementioned solvents as well as mixtures of oneor more of the afore mentioned solvents with water.

Examples of reactions which may be advantageously carried out using theprocess of this invention include those where high dilution of one ormore of the substrates in the reaction medium is required. Examples ofsuch processes include macrocyclisation reactions, where with increasingchain length the probability of the chain termini approaching each otherto cause cyclisation decreases because of the negative entropy change asthe disordered open chain molecule is converted to the ring shapedtransition state. With such reactions, cyclisation is favoured only atlow substrate concentration whereas polymerisation becomes more favouredat higher substrate concentration. Examples of macrocyclisationreactions include macrolactamisation reactions, macrolactonisationreaction, metal catalysed macrocyclisations, reversiblemacrocyclisations, macrocyclisation via a hetero-molecularsubstitution-cyclisation sequence, etc. Active pharmaceuticalingredients (APIs) are often macrocyclic products. Typical substratedilutions in these reactions vary from 100-1000 l of solvent per mole ofsubstrate.

Similarly unwanted intermolecular side-reactions may occur in somepolymerization reactions, e.g. in the synthesis of cyclic polymers. Alsothese reactions may clearly benefit from the present invention. Otherreactions which require high dilution of the substrate are enzymaticreactions showing substrate inhibition. In this case a too highconcentration of substrate may lead to a decline of the catalyticactivity of the enzyme. In other reactions, low concentration of thesubstrate or of the reactants is required in order to avoidprecipitation at high concentrations. In all these and similar cases,performing the reaction at high dilution is favourable, and the use ofthe present invention may lead to high yields in combination with lowsolvent use.

Examples of reactors suitable for use in the present invention may varywidely in nature and include conventional batch reactors as well ascontinuously stirred reactors, flow-reactors or micro-reactors. Suitablereactors also include the feed tank of a cross-flow membrane filtrationunit or the stirred feed tank of a dead-end filtration unit.

The present invention also makes use of a diluting substrate feed systemfor producing a diluted substrate-solvent mixture with a desiredsubstrate concentration from a concentrated substrate-solvent mixture,which is characterized in that the diluting substrate feed systemcomprises

-   -   a substrate feed containing the substrate and the solvent in a        first concentration ratio    -   means for supplying the concentrated substrate/solvent mixture        to    -   a filtration membrane which is permeable to the substrate and        the solvent, wherein the permeability of the membrane for the        solvent is higher than the permeability of the membrane for the        substrate (X) and is selected such that a permeate of the        membrane contains the substrate in a desired concentration in        the solvent.

As discussed above, the membrane preferably has a substrate rejection of50%-99.5%, preferably 60%-95%.

The present invention also relates to a method for carrying out achemical reaction, by causing a substrate to react in a diluted reactionmixture comprising a solvent.

The invention is now illustrated in detail in the figures shown in theaccompanying drawings, with the figure description below.

FIG. 1 shows a schematic view of a first preferred embodiment of theinvention, wherein the device comprises a diluting substrate feed systembased on a mixing tank with a high solvent-substrate ratio.

FIG. 2 shows a schematic view of a second preferred embodiment of theinvention, wherein the device comprises a diluting substrate feed systemcomprising a second membrane with a high substrate rejection.

In the preferred embodiments shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, the device (1) usedin the process of the present invention comprises a reactor (2) providedto contain a liquid reaction medium in which a substrate (X) containedin a solvent (S) is caused to react. The reactor (2) comprises an inlet(3) for supplying a solution of substrate (X) and solvent (S) to thereactor. The solution is preferably a homogeneous solution. Inlet 3 mayalso serve to supply reactants, catalyst and other reactive species tothe reactor (2). The reactor (2) comprises an outlet (4) for discharginga liquid flow containing any substrate (X) that has not reacted from thereactor (2). The reactor outlet (4) may also serve to discharge reactionproduct (P), solvent (S) and any other products contained in thereaction mixture. The reactor outlet (4) is connected to a firstmembrane (6), with the purpose of conducting from the reactor (2) thesolution containing solvent (S), product (P), un-reacted substrate (X)and possibly other species involved in the reaction to the firstmembrane (6). The first membrane (6) is preferably chosen such that itis highly permeable to the solvent (S), and has a high rejection ratefor the substrate (X). This membrane will typically have a substrate (X)rejection of 80-100%, preferably at least 95%.

The first membrane (6) has a retentate side (10) and a permeate side(11). The permeate side (11) of the first membrane (6) is connected to adiluting substrate feed system (5, 15) to conduct permeate of the firstmembrane (6) to the diluting substrate feed system (5). The dilutingsubstrate feed system (5, 15) is connected to the reactor (2) throughthe reactor inlet (3). This way, recycling of the permeate within thesystem is permitted and solvent (S) that has been fed from the reactor(2) to the first membrane (6) and has permeated the first membrane (6),is returned from the permeate side (11) of the first membrane (6) to thereactor (2), over diluting substrate feed system (5, 15). Thus asubstrate/solvent mixture with a desired degree of dilution may beproduced and fed to the reactor (2). The diluting substrate feed system(5, 15) is provided to permit supplying to the reactor (2) asubstrate-solvent mixture with high dilution of the substrate (S) incomparison to the substrate feed (8,18), with the purpose of minimizingthe risk on the formation of unwanted impurities. In other words, thediluting substrate feed system (5, 15) functions to dilute the substrate(X) to any desired extent before it is supplied to the reactor (2). Thesubstrate/solvent ratio or the degree of dilution may vary within wideranges, but preferably varies from 50-1000 L/mol at the reactor inlet(3).

To effectuate the liquid flows, pressure may be used as a driving force,as is conventionally applied in microfiltration, ultrafiltration,nanofiltration and reverse osmosis.

The retentate side (10) of the first membrane (6) is connected to thereactor (2) to recycle or return to the reactor (2) the components thathave been rejected by the first membrane (6), in particular thesubstrate (X). This way, any substrate (X) which has not reacted may becirculated and recycled within the system, and substrate (X) which hasreacted may be replenished through the diluting substrate feed system(5, 15). If so desired, the first membrane (6) may be chosen such thatit rejects reaction product (P) and any catalyst and/or other reactantscontained in the reaction mixture. These rejected reaction componentsare preferably also returned to the reactor (2). If so desired however,the retentate may be further processed to permit recovery of one or morecompounds contained in the retentate, for example to isolate thereaction product (P) from the remainder of the rejected flow. The firstmembrane (6) may also be chosen such that it is permeable to one or moreof the reaction product (P), catalyst and/or other reactants containedin the reaction mixture, for example to permit recovering of thereaction product (P). Thereby care should be taken to avoid thatcomponents contained in the permeate react with each other.

As may be understood from the description above, the membranes in thedevice of the present invention may also be operated in diafiltrationmode. The latter involves a liquid filtration technique in which a feedliquid containing at least two compounds, i.c. the solvent and thesubstrate, is contacted with a membrane and pressurised to force afraction of the liquid to pass through the membrane. The membrane has ahigher rejection for the substrate, and a lower rejection for thesolvent. During filtration, fresh solvent is supplemented to the feedside of the membrane to make up for the liquid permeating through themembrane, so as to be able to work at constant feed volume. The firstmembrane 6 may be operated in a dead-end filtration mode where theliquid permeating the membrane is supplied in a direction perpendicularto the membrane. The first membrane 6 is however preferably operated ina cross-flow filtration mode where the liquid permeating the membrane issupplied in a direction parallel to the membrane, as this ensures asufficient degree of turbulence at the membrane surface.

As will be understood from the description above and below, the presenceof a first membrane (6) which is coupled to the reactor (2) permits acontinuous, in-situ solvent recuperation and recycling of the solvent(S) within the device, thereby minimizing solvent losses. Separation ofsolvent (S) from the reaction mixture permits the recycling of thesolvent (S) within the system, and to mix recycled solvent (S) with thesubstrate (X) feed to achieve the envisaged dilution of the substrate(X), while minimising solvent consumption and waste.

According to a preferred embodiment of the diluting substrate feedsystem (5) shown in FIG. 2, the diluting substrate feed system (5)comprises a substrate feed tank (8) in which substrate (X) may be storedas such or in a solvent solution. The diluting substrate feed system (5)also comprises a second filtration membrane (7). This second filtrationmembrane (7) is selected such that its permeability to the solvent (S)is higher than its permeability to the substrate (X). The permeabilityof the second filtration membrane (7) for the substrate (X) is selectedsuch that the permeate P2 of the second membrane (7) contains thesubstrate (X) in a desired concentration in the solvent (S), such thatit is suitable for being supplied to the reactor (2). The permeate side(21) of the second membrane (7) is connected to the reactor (2) forsupplying permeate (P2) with the desired concentration of the substrate(X) in the solvent (S) to the reactor (2).

The second membrane (7) may be operated in a dead-end filtration mode,where the liquid permeating the membrane is supplied in a directionperpendicular to the membrane. The second membrane (7) is howeverpreferably operated in a cross-flow filtration mode where the liquidpermeating the membrane is supplied in a direction parallel to themembrane, as this ensures a sufficient degree of turbulence at themembrane surface.

The concentration of the substrate (X) in the substrate feed tank (8) isnot critical to the invention and may be lower or higher, because thesubstrate concentration which is actually supplied to the reactor (2)will be determined by the second membrane (7). Often the substratedilution in the feed tank may vary from 0.1-100 litre of solvent permole of substrate, preferably 0.1-50 litre of solvent per mole ofsubstrate, more preferably 0.5-25 litre of solvent per mole ofsubstrate. Due to the relatively high, though not complete, rejection ofthe substrate X by the second membrane (7), substrate addition into thereactor (2) may occur at low substrate concentration, even when thesubstrate concentration in the feed tank (8) may be comparatively muchhigher. The second membrane (7) preferably has a substrate rejection of50-99.5%, more preferably 60-95%. Substrate addition to the reactor maybe further controlled by adapting the dosing rate, i.e. the flow rate ofthe diluted substrate-solvent mixture to the reactor. The latter may beadjusted and controlled through readily accessible operationalparameters such as the transmembrane pressure and the temperature.

The retentate (20) of the second membrane (7) may be returned to thesubstrate feed tank (8) and may be supplied again to the second membrane(7) for supply to the reactor (2). According to an alternativeembodiment, the retentate (20) may be replenished with substrate orsolvent if necessary.

The first (6) and the second membrane (7) may have the same or differentfiltration characteristics. Usually however they will have differentfiltration properties, since the function of the first membrane (6) isto reject one or more of the substrate (X), reactant, reaction product(P), catalyst and any other compounds contained in the reaction mixtureexcept for the solvent (S), whereas the function of the second membrane(7) is to permit permeation of a small, controlled amount of substrate(X).

Nevertheless the second membrane (7) may also function to reject one ormore reactants to a desired extent, particularly in case the substratefeed tank (8) contains also one or more reactants besides the substrate.

The first (6) and second membrane (7) may be made of the same material,but usually they will be made of a different material.

A wide variety of materials is commercially available and may beselected by the skilled person taking into account the nature of thesolvent, substrate, reactants and other components contained in thereaction mixture as described above.

The volume of the substrate feed tank (8) may vary within wide ranges,but usually its dimensions will be kept as small as possible taking intoaccount the reactor volume, to minimize the solvent volume used. Thisembodiment of the diluting substrate feed system (5) allows to achievesubstrate supply at low concentration, i.e. high dilution in solvent, toa reaction mixture, from a higher concentrated substrate feed solutionwith concomitant avoidance of problems associated with supply ofdroplets of highly concentrated substrate. Addition of substrate to areactor at low concentration is particularly important for thosereactions which, due to their inherent characteristics, must be carriedout at low concentration in order to minimize the risk of unwantedimpurities, such as for example cyclisation reactions used in theproduction of active pharmaceutical ingredients, in particularintramolecular macrocyclisation reactions, in which relatively smallamounts of reaction product are produced in relatively large reactionvessels.

In a further embodiment of the diluting substrate feed system (15) shownin FIG. 1, the device used in the process of the present inventioncontains one single membrane, and the diluting substrate feed system(15) contains a mixing tank (19) for producing a substrate-solventmixture with a desired substrate concentration. This embodiment alsopermits achieving the multiple goals of supplying substrate at lowconcentration to a reaction vessel from a high concentration feedsolution and avoiding problems associated with the drop wise addition ofa high concentration solution.

According to this embodiment, the diluting substrate feed system (15)comprises a substrate feed tank (18) to produce a desired dilution ofthe substrate (X) in the solvent (S). The substrate feed tank (18) maycontain the substrate (X) as such, or it may contain a mixture ofsubstrate (X) and solvent (S). The substrate feed tank (18) may furthercontain any other compound relevant to the reaction, for example one ormore reactants, a catalyst, an initiator, etc. However, supply of theseother reactive species may also occur separately from the substrate.Tank (18) will usually contain the substrate (X) in a relatively highconcentration.

The diluting substrate feed system further comprises a mixing tank (19).This mixing tank (19) is connected to the substrate feed tank (18)permitting to send the concentrated substrate solution from thesubstrate feed tank (18) to the mixing tank (19). The mixing tank (19)is also connected to the permeate side (11) of the first membrane (6) topermit re-use of solvent from the reactor (2). Mixing of appropriateamounts of substrate (X) and solvent (S) permits producing asubstrate/solvent mixture having the targeted concentration ratio. Thesubstrate dilution in the substrate/solvent mixing tank (19) may varywithin wide ranges, and will usually vary from 25 to 2500 litre ofsolvent per mole of substrate, preferably from 50 to 1000 litre ofsolvent per mole of substrate. The volume of the mixing tank (19) mayvary within wide ranges, but usually its dimensions will be kept assmall as possible taking into account the reactor volume, to avoid theuse of too large solvent volumes.

The mixing tank (19) is connected to the reactor (2) via the reactorinlet (3). Thus a substrate/solvent mixture at a desired substrateconcentration contained in the mixing tank (19) may be supplied to thereactor (2). Means may be provided to control the supply rate of thediluted solvent/substrate mixture to the reactor, for example the liquidflow rate may be controlled through operational membrane filtrationparameters such as the transmembrane pressure and temperature. Thesolvent/substrate ratio within the mixing tank (19) may vary within wideranges and will be selected by the skilled person taking into accountthe nature of the process involved, the risk of occurrence of unwantedside reactions in the reaction vessel and so on.

The device of the present invention may be designed such as to permitthe controlled addition to the mixing tank (19) of other components thanthe substrate only.

The device used in the process of the present invention may also beconceived to comprise a dilution substrate feed system (5) as shown inFIG. 2, in combination with a dilution substrate feed system (15) shownin FIG. 1. According to another embodiment, the device of the presentinvention may comprise a diluting substrate feed system (5) as shown inFIG. 2 for supplying a first substrate to the reactor, and a dilutionsubstrate feed system (15) shown in FIG. 1 for supplying a secondsubstrate to the reactor. According to still another embodiment, thedevice of the present invention may comprise a plurality and/or acombination of diluting substrate feed systems as shown in FIG. 1 or 2for supplying a first substrate to the reactor.

Using the device of the present invention, a chemical reaction may becarried out as follows.

In the embodiment shown in FIG. 1, dilution of the substrate (X) in thesolvent (S) to a desired degree is obtained by supplying a concentratedsubstrate solution from a substrate feed tank (18) to a mixing tank (19)and mixing the substrate (X) with an appropriate amount of solvent (S).Substrate (X) thus diluted in solvent (S) is supplied to reactor (2) atan appropriate flow rate through reactor inlet (3), and is left to reactwith any other reactants and/or catalyst contained in the reactor (2).Simultaneously, through the outlet (4) of the reactor (2), reactionmedium is withdrawn at an appropriate flow rate and conducted towards afirst filtration membrane (6) and subjected to membrane filtration. Thisfirst membrane is permeable to the solvent (S) and impermeable to thesubstrate (X). Solvent (S) permeating the first membrane (6) is returnedto the diluting substrate feed system (15), to provide dilution of thesubstrate (X) in the diluting substrate feed system (15). The retentate(10) of the first filtration membrane (6) containing substrate (X) whichhas not reacted, reaction product (P), catalyst and other reactants, isreturned to the reactor (2). The procedure described above may berepeated until all substrate (X) has reacted. According to anotherembodiment, means may be provided to replenish the substrate (X), andreaction product (P) may be isolated from the reaction mixture as it isproduced.

According to the embodiment of FIG. 2, appropriate dilution of thesubstrate (X) in the solvent (S) is obtained by supplying a concentratedsubstrate/solvent mixture contained in a substrate feed tank (8), to asecond filtration membrane (7) which has a permeability for the solvent(S) that is higher than the permeability for the substrate (X). Thereby,the second membrane (7) will preferably be selected such that thepermeate P2 of the second membrane (7) has the desired concentration ofthe substrate (X). The thus obtained permeate P2 of the secondfiltration membrane (7) is supplied to the reactor (2) at an appropriateflow rate along reactor inlet (3), and left to react with any otherreactants and/or catalyst contained in the reactor (2). Simultaneously,along the outlet (4) of the reactor (2), reaction medium is withdrawn atan appropriate flow rate and conducted towards a first filtrationmembrane (6) and subjected to membrane filtration. Solvent permeatingthe first membrane (6) may be returned to the diluting substrate feedsystem (5), more specifically to the substrate feed tank (8) to providedilution of the substrate (X) in the diluting substrate feed system (5).The retentate (10) of the first filtration membrane (6) containingsubstrate (X) which has not reacted, reaction product, catalyst andother reactants, is returned to the reactor (2), to have the residualsubstrate available for reaction. At the start of the process, thereactor (2) will usually contain a high concentration of reactants whichare caused to react with the substrate (X), the substrate being suppliedto the reactor (2) in a controlled concentration through membrane (7) ormixer (19).

The device used by the process of the present invention shows severaladvantages. The modular construction facilitates scaling up. An improvedmass transfer may be guaranteed in comparison to prior art devices, andtherefore the device may be of particular interest for use withprocesses wherein unwanted side reactions occurring with high substrateconcentrations are to be avoided, where a risk exists to precipitationor poisoning of the substrate, to ensure that the substrate reacts ascompletely as possible, in reactions where the molecular weight of apolymer may be controlled by controlling the monomer:initiator ratio andintermolecular reactions of the monomer are to be avoided.

As a consequence of the membrane controlled supply of substrate into thereactor, and the separation and recycling of solvent from the mixturewithin the reaction vessel, the product yield may be substantiallyincreased in comparison to standard high dilution reaction conditionspresently used in industry.

The present invention is further illustrated in the examples below.

EXAMPLES Example 1

The reaction shown in Scheme 1 is a model Mitsunobu lactonization toform a 13-membered ring.

The ring open precursor to cyclisation had a molecular mass of 595.75g/mol and the lactone product had a molecular mass of 577.73 g/mole. Achemically cross-linked polyimide membrane (DuraMem™-200, Evonik-MET UK)was used to perform the in-situ solvent recovery (first membrane 6). Therejection of the substrate and product were both 99% and the reagentsused to perform the Mitsunobu lactonization had a rejection of 99%.

The reaction was carried out as follows, using the equipment shown inFIG. 1. To a solution of triphenylphosphine (10.7 g) in dichloromethane(272 ml) under an atmosphere of nitrogen and cooled to 0° C. was addeddrop wise diisopropylazodicarboxylate (DIAD, 8.25 g) and the resultingmixture was stirred at 0° C. for 30 minutes. This solution was thenadded to the filtration loop feed tank, featuring in this experiment asreactor (2). The loop had been fitted with a filtration cell containinga pre-conditioned membrane.

The solution in the filtration loop was subjected to constant volumediafiltration using a solution of lactonization starting material (595mg) dissolved in dichloromethane (500 ml) in mixing tank (19). Theconcentration of the starting material in mixing tank (19) was therefore2 mmolar (500 l/mol). Permeate was recycled into mixing tank (19) and,in order to maintain the concentration of the diafiltration solution, tothis was added concentrated lactonization starting material from feedtank (18), at such a rate that the concentration of the solution inmixing tank 19 remained constant. In this example, the feed tank (18)was filled with lactonization starting material (2.7 g) dissolved indichloromethane (112 ml), i.e. a concentration of 40.5 mmolar (25l/mol). On completion of the addition of the concentrated startingmaterial solution in feed tank (18) to the solution in mixing tank 19,the diafiltration was continued until a minimum of 3 diafiltrationvolumes (starting volume in the filtration loop) had been added.

The conversion (100%) was determined by UPLC. Product yield was 74%,comparable to the yield of a batch reaction run at a concentration of 2mmolar (500 l/mol).

Example 2

The same reaction was carried out as follows, using the equipment shownin FIG. 1. To a solution of triphenylphosphine (10.7 g) indichloromethane (272 ml) under an atmosphere of nitrogen and cooled to0° C. was added drop wise diisopropylazodicarboxylate (DIAD, 8.25 g) andthe resulting mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 30 minutes. This solutionwas then added to the filtration loop feed tank featuring here as thereactor (2). The loop had been fitted with a filtration cell containinga pre-conditioned DuraMem™ 200 membrane.

The solution in the filtration loop was subjected to constant volumediafiltration using a solution of lactonization starting material (1.49g) dissolved in dichloromethane (500 ml) in mixing tank (19). Theconcentration of the starting material in mixing tank (19) was therefore5 mmolar (200 l/mol). Permeate was recycled into mixing tank (19) and,in order to maintain the concentration of the diafiltration solution, tothis was added concentrated lactonization starting material from feedtank (18) at such a rate that the concentration of the solution inmixing tank (19) remained constant. In this example, the feed tank (18)was filled with lactonization starting material (2.7 g) dissolved indichloromethane (112 ml) i.e. a concentration of 40.5 mmolar (25 l/mol).On completion of the addition of the concentrated starting materialsolution in feed tank (18) to the solution in mixing tank (19), thediafiltration was continued until a minimum of 3 diafiltration volumes(starting volume in the filtration loop) had been added. The conversion(100%) was determined by UPLC. Product yield was 66%, comparable to theyield of a batch reaction run at a concentration of 5 mmolar (200l/mol).

Example 3

The same model reaction was used to demonstrate the principle of thisinvention using a 0.9 nm TiO₂ ceramic membrane (Inopor, Germany) in theequipment shown in FIG. 1. The rejection of the reaction startingmaterial and product were both ≧95% and the reagents used to perform theMitsunobu lactonization had a rejection of ≧81%.

To a solution of triphenylphosphine (10.7 g) in dichloromethane (272 ml)under an atmosphere of nitrogen and cooled to 0° C. was added drop wisediisopropylazodicarboxylate (DIAD, 8.25 g) and the resulting mixturestirred at 0° C. for 30 minutes. This solution was then added to thefiltration loop feed tank, featuring in this experiment again as reactor(2). The loop had been fitted with a dry membrane.

The solution in the filtration loop was subjected to constant volumediafiltration using a solution of lactonization starting material (595mg) dissolved in dichloromethane (500 ml) in mixing tank (19). Theconcentration of the starting material in mixing tank (19) was therefore2 mmolar (500 l/mol). Permeate was recycled into mixing tank (19) and,in order to maintain the concentration of the diafiltration solution, tothis was added concentrated lactonization starting material from feedtank (18), at such a rate that the concentration of the solution inmixing tank 19 remained constant. In this example, the feed tank (18)was filled with lactonization starting material (2.7 g) dissolved indichloromethane (112 ml) i.e. at a concentration of 40.5 mmolar (25l/mol). On completion of the addition of the concentrated startingmaterial solution in feed tank (18) to the solution in mixing tank (19),the diafiltration was continued until a minimum of 3 diafiltrationvolumes (starting volume in the filtration loop) had been added. Theconversion (100%) was determined by UPLC. Product yield was 84%,comparable to the yield of a batch reaction run at a concentration of <2mmolar (>500 l/mol)

Example 4

The same model reaction was used to demonstrate the principle of thisinvention using a polymeric membrane to allow controlled addition ofsubstrate into a reaction vessel, according to FIG. 2. A chemicallycross-linked polyimide membrane (DuraMem™-300, Evonik-MET UK) was usedas the second membrane 7 to deliver a low concentration solution ofreaction starting material into the reaction vessel from a highconcentration solution in the feed tank (8) as shown in FIG. 2. Theretention of the lactonization starting material was ≧79%. For the firstmembrane 6 a chemically cross-linked polyimide membrane (DuraMem™-200,Evonik-MET UK) was used.

A solution of lactonization starting material (2.4 g) in tetrahydrofuran(THF) (170 ml) i.e. at a concentration of 23.7 mmolar (42 l/mol) wasadded to the feed tank (8) and subjected to constant volumediafiltration, with THF as diafiltration solvent, over a second membrane7 that had been pre-conditioned with tetrahydrofuran (THF). The permeatefrom this diafiltration was added directly to a suspension of theMitsunobu lactonization reagent that had previously been prepared viadrop wise addition of diisopropylazodicarboxylate (DIAD, 2.2 g) to asolution (at 0° C. under an atmosphere of nitrogen) oftriphenylphosphine (2.9 g) in tetrahydrofuran (18.5 ml) which had thenbeen allowed to stir at 0° C. for 30 minutes before being warmed to 22°C. Once a sufficient volume of solvent had been permeated into thereaction vessel (2), the contents of the reaction vessel were passedover the first membrane (6), and the permeate from this filtration wasadded to the feed tank 8. Results showed a conversion of 55% and aproduct yield 68%, comparable to the yield of a batch reaction run at aconcentration of 5 mmolar (200 l/mol).

Example 5

The model reaction of scheme 1 was used to demonstrate the principle ofthis invention using a polymeric membrane to allow controlled additionof reaction starting material into a reaction vessel, according to FIG.2. A chemically cross-linked polyimide membrane (DuraMem™-200,Evonik-MET UK) was used as the second membrane 7 to deliver a lowconcentration solution of reaction starting material into the reactionvessel from a high concentration solution in the feed tank (8). Theretention of the lactonization starting material was ≧98%. In thisexample no solvent recycling was performed.

A solution of lactonization starting material (2.5 g) in tetrahydrofuran(THF) (170 ml) i.e. at a concentration of 24.7 mmolar (40 l/mol) wasadded to the feed tank (8) and subjected to constant volumediafiltration, with THF as diafiltration solvent, over the secondmembrane 7 which had been pre-conditioned with tetrahydrofuran (THF).The permeate from this diafiltration was added directly to a suspensionof the Mitsunobu lactonization reagent which had previously beenprepared via drop wise addition of diisopropylazodicarboxylate (DIAD, 22g) to a solution (at 0° C. under an atmosphere of nitrogen) oftriphenylphosphine (29 g) in tetrahydrofuran (42 ml) which had then beenallowed to stir at 0° C. for 30 minutes before being warmed to 22° C.Results: conversion of 100% and yield of 95%, comparable to a batchreaction which was run at infinitesimally low concentration.

Example 6

The reaction shown in scheme 2 is a model biocatalyzed kineticresolution based on the procedure published by M. Brossat et. al. inOrg. Process Res. Dev. 13 (2009) 706-709, which was chosen todemonstrate the principle of this invention using the configuration asshown in FIG. 2 and as first membrane 6 a 5 nm TiO₂ ceramic membrane(Inopor, Germany). The retention of the lipase Candida antartica lipaseB (CAL-B) was designed to be ≧99% and this of the reagents, startingmaterials and reaction product was <20%. The second membrane 7 consistedof a 0.9 nm TiO₂ ceramic membrane (Inopor, Germany). The retention ofthe reaction starting material and of the acyl donor was designed to be<50% and of the product being ≧75%. Product inhibition of the enzyme isavoided because the concentration of acylated alcohol product in thesolution of alcohol starting material is maintained at low concentrationwithin the reactor.

Example 7

A model carbocyclic ring expansion via a barbier type reaction similarto that published by Li et. al. Tetrahedron 54 (1998) 2347, has beenselected to demonstrate the principle of FIG. 1 using as first membrane6 a Dow Filmtech BW membrane. The retention of all reaction componentsbesides the aqueous solvent was designed to be 99%.

The reaction was carried out as follows using the equipment shown inFIG. 1. Cyclohexanone starting material (3.10 g) was dissolved in 300 mlof a mixture of water (225 ml) and methanol (75 ml), the concentrationof this solution was therefore 40 mmolar (25 l/mol). This solution wasin this experiment entered into the feed tank (18). 37.5 ml of thissolution was added to the mixing tank (19) and diluted to a volume of300 ml with a water-methanol mixture having the same component ratio asused to prepare the previous solution. The concentration in the mixingtank (19) was therefore 5 mmolar (200 l/mol). To the filtration loop,featuring in this experiment as circulating over the reactor (2), wasadded 2.75 g of indium powder in 120 ml of a mixture of water (90 ml)and methanol (30 ml).

The mixture in the filtration loop was subjected to constant volumediafiltration using the solution in the mixing tank (19). Permeate (11)was recycled into the mixing tank (19) and in order to maintain theconcentration of the diafiltration solution, to this was addedconcentrated cyclohexanone solution from the feed tank (18) at such arate that the concentration of the diafiltration solution in mixing tank(19) remained constant. On completion of the addition of theconcentrated starting material solution in feed tank (18) to thesolution in mixing tank (19), the diafiltration was continued until aminimum of 3 diafiltration volumes had been added. The conversion (100%)was determined by GC. Product Yield was 70%.

1. A process for carrying out a chemical reaction of a substrate (X) ina diluted reaction mixture comprising a solvent (S), the reaction beingselected from a cyclisation reaction, a polymerization reaction, anenzymatic reaction showing substrate inhibition, an enzymatic reactionshowing product inhibition, a reaction showing precipitation of thesubstrate or of the reactant, and combinations thereof, the processcomprising the steps of a) supplying a diluted substrate-solvent mixtureto the inlet (3) of a reactor (2), b) causing the reaction medium in thereactor (2) to react, c) discharging, from an outlet (4) of the reactor(2), reaction mixture comprising reaction product, solvent, andsubstrate that has not reacted, d) conducting the reaction mixture to afirst filtration membrane (6), with a retentate side (10) and a permeateside (11), whereby the first filtration membrane (6) is permeable to thesolvent (S) and having a substrate (X) rejection of 80%-100%, e)returning retentate (R) comprising substrate (X) that has not reacted,from the retentate side (10) of the first filtration membrane (6) to thereactor (2), characterized in that in step (a) said dilutedsubstrate-solvent mixture is supplied to said inlet of said reactor froma diluting substrate feed system (5, 15) diluting a substrate from asubstrate feed tank (18); and characterised in that the process furthercomprises the step of returning solvent (S) which permeated the firstfiltration membrane (6) from the permeate side (11) of the firstmembrane (6) to said diluting substrate feed system (5, 15) to dilutethe substrate in the diluting substrate feed system (5,15) therebyforming said diluted substrate-solvent mixture.
 2. The process accordingto claim 1, wherein the first filtration membrane (6) has a rejection ofat least one compound selected from the reaction product, catalyst andone or more of the reactants which are caused to react with thesubstrate of 60-95%, and wherein the at least one compound is returnedfrom the retentate side (10) of the first filtration membrane (6) to thereactor (2).
 3. The process according claim 1, wherein the firstmembrane (6) has a substrate rejection of at least 95%.
 4. (canceled) 5.The process according to claim 1 wherein the diluting substrate feedsystem (5) for supplying substrate to the reactor (2) comprises a secondfiltration membrane (7) which is permeable to the solvent (S), whereinthe permeability of the second filtration membrane (7) for the substrate(X) is selected such that the permeate (P2) of the second membrane has adesired concentration of the substrate (X) in the solvent (S), whereinpermeate (P2) with the desired concentration of the substrate (X) in thesolvent (S) is supplied from the permeate side (21) of the secondfiltration membrane (7) to the reactor (2).
 6. The process according toclaim 5, wherein the second filtration membrane (7) comprises aretentate side (20), and substrate (X) which is rejected by the secondfiltration membrane (7) is supplied to a substrate feed tank (8) and isfurther mixed with solvent, and wherein a mixture containing solvent andsubstrate is supplied from the substrate feed tank (8) to the secondfiltration membrane (7).
 7. The process according to claim 5, comprisingthe returning of solvent (S) from the permeate side (11) of the firstfiltration membrane (6 to the substrate feed tank (8) with the purposeof replacing solvent which has been supplied to the second membrane (7).8. The process according to claim 5, wherein the second filtrationmembrane (7) has a substrate rejection of 50%-99.5%.
 9. The processaccording to any one of claim 5 wherein the first and second filtrationmembranes (6, 7) are different.
 10. The process according to claim 5wherein the first and second filtration membrane (6, 7) have the sameperformance characteristics.
 11. The process according to claim 5,wherein the first and second filtration membrane (6, 7) areindependently selected from the group consisting of a nano-filtrationmembrane, a microfiltration membrane, an ultrafiltration membrane, areverse osmosis filtration membrane, and combinations thereof.
 12. Theprocess according to claim 11, wherein at least one of the first andsecond filtration membrane (6, 7) are nanofiltration membranes,preferably solvent resistant nanofiltration membranes.
 13. The processaccording to claim 1, wherein a concentrated substrate solution issupplied from a substrate feed tank (18) to a mixing tank (19) in thediluting substrate feed system (5) and mixing the substrate (X) in themixing tank with an appropriate amount of solvent (S) to obtain anenvisaged dilution of the substrate (X) in the solvent (S).
 14. Theprocess according to claim 13 wherein the mixing tank (19) comprises asolvent/substrate mixture with a substrate dilution of 50-1000 litre ofsolvent per mole of substrate.
 15. The process according to claim 13,further comprising conducting solvent (S) containing permeate from thepermeate side (11) of the first filtration membrane (6) to the mixingtank and mixing the permeate with substrate supplied from the substratefeed tank (18) to the mixing tank (19), and supplying thesubstrate-solvent mixture from the mixing tank (19) to the reactor (2).16. The process according to claim 5, wherein the substrate in thesubstrate feed tank (8, 18) of the diluting substrate feed system (5)has a substrate dilution of 0.5-25 litre of solvent per mole ofsubstrate.
 17. The process according to claim 1, wherein the substratedilution at the reactor inlet (3) is 50-1000 l/mol.
 18. The processaccording to claim 5, wherein at least one of the group consisting ofthe first membrane (6), the second membrane (7), and both the first andthe second membrane (6, 7), is operated in cross-flow.
 19. The processaccording to claim 1, wherein the substrate is a compound which iscapable of undergoing at least one chemical reaction selected from anintramolecular reaction and a homo- or hetero-intermolecular reaction.20. The process according to claim 1, wherein the substrate is anorganic compound.
 21. The process according to claim 1, wherein thesubstrate feed is supplied continuously or intermittently in portions.22. The process according to claim 1, wherein the reactor (2) containsat least 100 litre of reaction medium per mole of substrate.